Dubai, U.A.E – 22 February 2022   TGT’s Horizontal Flow diagnostics powered by the all new Cascade3 technology delivers accurate assessments of flow dynamics in horizontal wells, thereby enabling asset teams to manage well and reservoir performance more effectively.    TGT Diagnostics announced today the launch of ‘Horizontal Flow’ diagnostics with Cascade3 technology. This powerful new system, specifically designed for horizontal wells, provides asset teams with more realistic flow modelling and accurate continuous flow profiles in a wide variety of completion and reservoir settings, including fractured formations.    Horizontal Flow diagnostics underpinned by the all-new Cascade3 flow analysis platform is a purpose-built system incorporating the industry’s most advanced thermodynamic and hydrodynamic modelling codes to transform temperature and other well system data into continuous reservoir flow profiles. Crucially, these flow profiles reflect flow both in and out of the reservoir and thus deliver the most accurate and detailed picture of well–reservoir flow behaviour.    Commenting on the technology, Mohammed Hegazi, TGT’s Chief Executive Officer, said, “Understanding the flow dynamics in a well system is the key to unlocking better well and reservoir performance. This is especially true for horizontal wells where fluid flow can be incredibly complex. Horizontal Flow is the most powerful flow analysis product ever created for horizontal well systems. It overcomes many of the challenges faced with conventional production logs and enables operators to maximise hydrocarbon recovery while operating in the safest, cleanest and most economical way possible.”    Improved understanding provides a much-needed opportunity to optimise performance, as Ken Feather, TGT’s Chief Marketing Officer, explains: ‘’The transition towards cleaner energy and declining opportunities for new field developments means that operators are shifting investments towards recovering more from existing assets. Horizontal wells promise enormous efficiency and economic gains but are notoriously challenging to manage. Horizontal Flow with Cascade3 solves many of the diagnostic challenges faced by Reservoir and Production Engineers, providing them with the insights they need to reduce operating costs and energy consumption, and increase ultimate recovery.’’    The complete and accurate downhole assessment Horizontal Flow with Cascade3 offers means that diagnostic deployments can provide a wealth of information from a single programme, thereby reducing uncertainty and avoiding the need for subsequent deployments. Yulia Fesina, Cascade project manager, said “The Cascade3 workflow can also be used to estimate or validate other key parameters that reservoir and production engineers may find extremely valuable, including reservoir pressure, permeability and skin factor. This independent verification of key parameters can help reservoir engineers to resolve uncertainties and improve history matching and dynamic reservoir models.”    Horizontal Flow diagnostics are now available to upstream operators through TGT’s comprehensive range of True Flow answer products. 

Dubai, UAE – 1 June 2021 TGT announced today that its ‘Pulse1’ brand won Gold for “Best visual identity from the energy and utilities sector”, Bronze for “Best internal communication during a brand development project”, and Bronze for “Best development of a new brand within an existing brand portfolio”, at last week’s eighth annual Transform Awards MEA 2021.   This is the second cluster of brand accolades in the space of only 12-months, following its Gold and Silver success at last year’s Transform Awards for the total brand transformation of its ‘TGT Diagnostics’ parent brand.   This is a tremendous achievement for the company and a credit to our talented brand team”, commented Ken Feather, Chief Marketing Officer, TGT. “We engineered and produced all aspects of the Pulse1 brand completely in-house, from consumer research to positioning, developing brand codes, sales collateral, media content and executing an ambitious communications campaign. To win alongside so many iconic brands and professional brand agencies is an outstanding result. I’m very proud of the team”, continued Ken.   Pulse1 is the newest addition to TGT’s family of diagnostic platforms, and a key ingredient in its ‘True Integrity’ products. Powered by advanced electromagnetics, Pulse1 technology was created to deliver “no compromise” integrity management to oil and gas producers globally. This industry-first development overcomes the drawbacks of current technologies to enable a more accurate assessment of well integrity, helping energy producers keep wells safe, clean and productive.   “Our research revealed that consumers weren’t happy with current diagnostics and were willing to pay a premium for something better. Our Technology Centre team did an amazing job perfecting the technology, giving us just the right ingredients to work with, and we needed an equally powerful brand that would resonate with our clients and stand out in a competitive market. We launched Pulse1 last summer and uptake has been phenomenal”, added Ken. Established in 2009, the annual Transform Awards recognise the most innovative, creative and successful brand work across the world. Covering seven regions, this prestigious awards programme focuses on specific aspects of the branding process and provides a platform to benchmark and showcase exemplary work in brand strategy and development.   Andrew Thomas, publishing editor of Transform magazine and founder of the Transform awards, says, “Over the past eight years, the work we have seen entered in the awards programme has been consistently good, both here and globally. Everyone who has won this year should be proud of their accomplishments.”   Commenting on the Pulse1 brand, Andrew added, “It’s a clever, visually straightforward yet adaptable brand that allows for a breadth of communication to be delivered within a consistent brand strategy. Judges praised the way TGT was able to simplify the complex communications in the industry.”   With its brand transformation efforts successfully implemented, TGT continues to focus on providing diagnostic solutions that help the oil and gas industry reduce emissions and achieve carbon-zero targets, enabling a sustainable energy future for everyone. Transform Awards MEA 2021 winners

Dubai, U.A.E – 21 June 2023   TGT Diagnostics today announced the launch of its latest acoustic platform, ChorusX, a new diagnostic resource specifically designed to locate and characterise flow in oil and gas wells. This all-new acoustic array platform enables energy companies to find and map fluid flow throughout the well-reservoir system with greater ease and precision, helping them to keep wells safe, clean, and productive.   Ken Feather, TGT’s chief marketing officer, commented, “Understanding flow dynamics in the well system is the key to unlocking better well and reservoir performance, and acoustic techniques have become an indispensable means of achieving that goal. ChorusX is the result of two decades of intensive research, innovation, and extensive field experience in applying the power of sound to flow diagnostics in thousands of wells. Eight high-definition array sensors, extreme dynamic range recording and a unique phase analysis engine work in concert to deliver uncompromising levels of clarity, precision, and certainty to analysts and well operators.”   At the heart of ChorusX is a compact array of eight nano-synchronised sensors that record high-resolution flow sounds across an extreme dynamic range of intensities and frequencies. A unique phase analysis workflow combines specialised acoustic field modelling with a sophisticated waveform-matching algorithm. This combination delivers an important new dimension to acoustics and flow diagnosis – radial distance. In combination, these advances underpin four new complementary answer products that enable TGT analysts to easily and accurately locate and map flow throughout the well system.   Ken continued, “ChorusX has been redesigned from the ground up to excel in three important areas: extending spatial and audible reach to record the lightest, quietest, and furthest flows; recognising different types of flows; and pinpointing flow sources with unmatched accuracy in depth, and radially. Flow events are displayed more clearly in high definition, enabling operators to plan actions with greater confidence and implement them efficiently with precision.”   TGT has been advancing the use of acoustics to locate and characterise flow for more than two decades, and ChorusX is available to all TGT Diagnostics customers through a range of True Flow and True Integrity/Seal Integrity products.

Challenge The operator of a deep high-pressure low-permeability gas field wanted to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of completing a horizontal well with an uncemented liner that had 10 sliding sleeve valves/ports but, unusually, no isolation packers.   Completed in the standard way, this well would require 10 packers, adding significant cost and complexity to the completion. A successful strategy for packer removal would lower completion costs, increase installation efficiency, and reduce future maintenance challenges. These savings and efficiencies would multiply substantially for field-wide application.   The chief concerns about the new strategy were that lack of isolation during fracturing might prevent sufficient fracture force being focused on each target zone and whether the result would be one large fracture rather than multiple distributed fractures. Another challenge was to evaluate the success of the strategy by identifying and locating the fractures to establish their extent along the wellbore and assess the performance of each fracture group.   Conventional production diagnostics could only assess flow entering the wellbore at each port and would, therefore, not reveal fracture location or distribution or even distinguish reservoir flow from port flow. A sophisticated post-fracture assessment was needed to determine whether the technique had been successful and to fine-tune future operations. New ChorusX answers transform the professional workflow, enabling analysts to diagnose well systems flows with greater ease and confidence. In this complex scenario, the Phase Map and Radial Map reveal the location of active fractures directly behind the frac ports. Conventional diagnostics would be unable to deliver this level of clarity and certainty. Solution TGT’s Fracture Flow diagnostics product is used to evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations. In this well, the new ChorusX acoustic array platform was included in the survey programme to bring a wide range of additional benefits and fracture performance insights.   Using ChorusX, analysts located the precise depth and distribution of induced fractures and evaluated the relative contribution from each fracture along the entire reservoir section. ChorusX can distinguish between flow from fractures and flow through the sliding sleeve valves, even when the fractures are located at the same depth interval as the valves. This breakthrough enables the operator to distinguish between port flow and fracture flow, thus giving greater clarity and certainty to evaluations. Analysts can call on new ChorusX answers to resolve even the most complex flow scenarios. The Phase Map and Radial Map bring valuable insights that complement other measurements, leading to a more confident diagnosis. The top section of this ChorusX answer product identifies and locates active fractures, whereas the lower section confirms that no active fractures are present. Result TGT analysts used ChorusX data to identify and precisely locate fractures right along the reservoir section. The survey also provided an accurate flow geometry that displays the relative contribution that each fracture makes to production.   The Acoustic Radial Map serves as a highresolution, near–far indicator for flow and can distinguish between port flow and reservoir fractures in the immediate vicinity of the ports. These innovative features are unavailable in even the most advanced single-sensor acoustics systems.   The Fracture Flow product with ChorusX technology proved the effectiveness and viability of the new, ultra-efficient completion technique in this geological setting. The results provided the operator with valuable insights that will enable them to optimise the fracturing parameters and the completion design for field-wide roll out. This will deliver enormous savings in time, cost and resources, thereby helping operators access ‘hard to recover’ reserves in a more efficient and economic way.

Challenge Leaks observed in an active well in the Netherlands forced the operator to suspend the well. An initial examination indicated that the integrity breach could be located in the tubing, casing or any of the completion elements within or beyond the A-annulus envelope. A pressure test confirmed that the leak rate was small, just 0.25 bar per day, but this was sufficient to pose a health, safety and environmental risk and trigger the suspension of the well.   Leaks in the well system are a serious issue, and well integrity engineers want to understand precisely how and where the leaks originate so they can be repaired. The combination of many potential leak points spanning the length of the completion coupled with a small leak rate made this a challenge to investigate. The operator needed diagnostics technology that had a large radial reach and was both sensitive and accurate enough to scan for leak points and help steer a repair programme. Multi Seal Integrity example well. Multi Seal Integrity evaluates the seal performance of multiple barriers, locating leaks and flowpaths throughout the well system, from the wellbore to the outer annuli. Delivered by our True Integrity system with Chorus, Indigo and Maxim technology, Multi Seal provides a clear diagnosis of leaks and rogue flow paths so the right corrective action can be taken. Multi Seal is used in a targeted fashion to investigate a known integrity breach anywhere in the well system. Barriers can also be validated proactively to confirm integrity. Either way, Multi Seal provides the insights needed to restore or maintain a secure well. Solution The operator selected TGT’s Multi Seal Integrity answer product, upgraded with the new ChorusX acoustic array platform to meet the three-part challenge of sensitivity, accuracy and reach. ChorusX combines an array of eight nano-synchronised acoustic sensors with advanced processing to deliver a dynamic recording range that is ten times wider than in previous Chorus technology, specifically at the ‘quiet’ low-amplitude end of the Acoustic Power Spectrum.   The higher-resolution measurements from the ChorusX array reveal flow activity with increased definition and clarity, and TGT’s unique ‘near–far’ phase shift processing helps analysts distinguish between flow events near the wellbore, in the completion, and far from the wellbore, in the reservoir. This enables operators to target remedial actions with greater precision and implement them with higher confidence. The operator also chose to include Chorus9 technology in the survey programme to make a technical comparison between the two platforms. Multi Seal Integrity answer product using ChorusX. The Chorus9 acoustic power spectrum (left) indicates the approximate depth of the leak, but multiple indicators from ChorusX (right) combine to indicate the type, depth, radial proximity and extent of the integrity breach with much greater precision and clarity. Result The Multi Seal Integrity survey was performed while applying pressure in the A-annulus and observing a pressure drop of 0.25 bar per day, confirming the very low leak-rate. The Chorus9 and ChorusX platforms both recorded acoustic signals at X378 m, but the Acoustic Power Spectrum (APS) of ChorusX was far more detailed and informative (Figure 1).   The sharp change in polarity of the phase shift data, as seen in the Acoustic Phase Map, indicated a localised ‘singular’ leak point and its precise depth. The location and character of the data signature in the ‘near’ panel of the Acoustic Radial Map indicated that the source of flow was near the wellbore within the completion, and not in the reservoir. The precise nature of the radial map data signature further confirmed the exact depth of the leak source.   The combination of independent acoustic indicators enabled analysts and the operator to isolate the integrity breach to a single location in terms of depth, extent and radial distance from the wellbore. This enabled a highly targeted approach to remediation planning and implementation.

"Horizontal wells can be both challenging and rewarding." Article featured in Oil Review Middle East (article link)   Managing their performance is a complex task for petroleum engineers and asset teams. But, with the right strategies in place, a horizontal well will usually deliver much higher levels of productivity than could be achieved with a vertical well. TGT’s new Horizontal Flow diagnostics technology has been designed to assess flow in horizontal wells and to deliver a clearer picture of well-system behaviour.     Flow inside the wellbore of a horizontal well can be challenging to decipher, but flow outside is even more complex, and way beyond the reach of conventional production logging (PL) surveys. For years, petroleum engineers have been searching for better survey options in horizontal wells and for systems that could deliver continuous flow profiles across different completion and reservoir scenarios. TGT has addressed these needs with its Horizontal Flow product, an advanced flow-diagnostics resource powered by Cascade3 technology.     This innovative technology features a powerful modelling and simulation engine that predicts the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic behaviour of fluids and their surroundings as those fluids flow through the well-reservoir system. Horizontal Flow is specifically designed for use in horizontal wells and, using the industry’s most advanced hydrodynamic and thermodynamic modelling technologies, it can translate temperature, pressure, and other well-system data into continuous reservoir flow profiles.     These profiles deliver a true picture of inflow and outflow even in challenging wells, such as those with natural or hydraulically induced fractures. The new technology evaluates the common types of flow pattern encountered in horizontal well systems (radial, spherical and linear/fracture), thereby making it possible to assess the linear flow occurring in fractures and to determine fracture contribution. This is particularly useful when combined with the Chorus acoustic sensing system that identifies fracture locations.     Horizontal Flow helps asset teams: • establish reliable, continuous flow profiles • locate water or gas breakthroughs • reduce carbon per barrel • maintain a more accurate reservoir model • measure effective pay length • make more accurate reserves assessments • reveal crossflow problems • evaluate the performance of inflow control devices and packers • assess fractures • make more accurate production forecasts • optimise completion designs.     Production engineers, reservoir engineers and the wider asset team need to ensure that each well system performs to expectations by achieving production targets and maximising recovery. Effective management of horizontal wells can deliver huge production benefits. TGT’s new Horizontal Flow diagnostics technology offers clearer insights and helps keep well and reservoir performance on track.

Go with the flow Article featured in Oilfield Technology's 2022 summer magazine (pages 42-45)   As the global energy mix transitions to low-carbon sources, there may be fewer opportunities for new oil and gas field developments. As a result, many operators will shift their focus towards recovering more from existing reservoirs, and this strategy includes improving the management and performance of their Horizontal wells.   Horizontal wells generally deliver much higher levels of productivity than their vertical counterparts, but this performance can often come at a cost. Understanding the interactions between a horizontal well and the reservoir can be extremely challenging. The combination of variable well angles, extended reservoir contacts, the presence of fluid mixtures and segregated flows, formation changes, fractures and intricate completions presents a formidable challenge for analysis using conventional production-logging tools (Figure 1).   Standard production-logging technology may, under some conditions, be able to map the multiphase flows encountered in a horizontal wellbore, but it cannot quantify flows for fluids exiting or entering the reservoir behind the completion. This means that wellbore production logs do not provide a complete picture of flow dynamics across the well system. Asset teams that base development, production or remediation plans on an incomplete partial flow diagnosis may be risking lower productivity, reduced asset performance, and higher carbon overhead.   A new beginning Reservoir and production engineers have been looking to overcome the drawbacks of conventional production surveys in horizontal wells for many years. Their key requirement has been a system that could deliver continuous flow profiles across different completion and reservoir scenarios, and would also be effective in reservoirs with fractured formations.   TGT Diagnostics has been working on addressing these needs for several years and, in February 2022, launched the Horizontal Flow diagnostics product with Cascade3 technology. Specifically designed for horizontal wells, this system offers more realistic flow modelling and accurate continuous flow profiles in a wide variety of completion and reservoir settings. The insights gained from this have the potential to help companies reduce operating costs and energy consumption while increasing ultimate recovery.   The new technology uses an advanced modelling simulation engine to predict the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic behaviour of fluids and their surroundings as they flow through the well-reservoir system. This translates temperature, pressure and other well-system data into continuous reservoir flow profiles. These profiles deliver a true picture of inflow and outflow, and this is the case even for challenging wells and those that feature natural or hydraulically induced fractures.   The ability to assess flow in fractured reservoirs is important because, although fractures can boost hydrocarbon production, they can also provide pathways for early water or gas breakthrough. The new diagnostics technology can evaluate the radial, spherical and linear/fracture flow patterns commonly encountered in horizontal well systems (Figure 2). This provides an accurate assessment of linear flow occurring in the fractures and makes it possible to determine the fracture contribution. This is particularly useful when combined with the Chorus acoustic sensing system that identifies fracture locations along the wellbore.   Applications and benefits Operating companies want to maximise hydrocarbon recovery in the safest, cleanest and most economical way possible. Having an accurate picture of fluid flow in the wellbore and the immediately surrounding reservoir rock gives asset teams greater confidence in their decisions and makes it easier to enhance production, maximise recovery and rectify well problems.   The new diagnostics system provides useful input in key areas such as reservoir, well and resource management, and can even help companies enhance their environmental performance and reduce the carbon footprint of production operations.   Insights for reservoir management Effective reservoir management is a key objective for oil and gas operating companies. The development of any hydrocarbon reservoir disturbs a natural balance of rocks and fluids that may have existed for millions of years. Understanding how a reservoir will behave as new wells are drilled and fluids are extracted or injected is a daunting task. Reservoir engineers deal with huge uncertainties in their quest to maximise hydrocarbon recovery, reduce operating costs and extend the economic life of the reservoir.   At the heart of the reservoir-management process is the dynamic reservoir model, which provides a basis for all field development and hydrocarbon recovery decisions, infrastructure investments and reserves estimations. The robustness and accuracy of the model is critical to successful reservoir management, and any inaccuracies may lead to poor decisions and substantial losses.   As more data is collected, the dynamic reservoir model is updated by the reservoir engineering team using a process known as history matching. Insights from this new diagnostic system can play a critical role in history-matching, thus helping to reduce the uncertainty envelope and improve the model. A continuous flow profile provides a clear and direct quantification of the flow performance of the reservoir as it feeds the well system. In contrast to standard wellbore production surveys, which can be hindered by completion or reservoir integrity issues, Horizontal Flow can deliver a true flow profile. The continuous nature and sensitivity to low flow rates help provide a more accurate measurement of effective pay length, a key metric for making production forecasts and reserves estimates.   The new system is also effective in the presence of fractures. Predicting and preventing water or gas breakthrough is one of the most important and challenging tasks faced by reservoir engineers. Having a deeper understanding of downhole flow dynamics can help provide an early warning of locations where water or unwanted gas may be reaching the well.   The new workflow can also be used to estimate or validate other key parameters such as reservoir pressure, permeability and skin factor. This independent verification can help reservoir engineers to resolve uncertainties, improve history matching and optimise the dynamic reservoir model. Figure 1. Horziontal Flow leverages Cascade3 and the True Flow system to deliver the truest picture of inflow and outflow downhole, even in the most challenging wells. Figure 2. Flow inside the wellbore of a horizontal well can be challenging to decipher, but flow in the surrounding reservoir is equally complex. New technologies can help resolve all three primary flow patterns that surround the well system - radial, spherical and linear flow in fractures - and combines thermodynamic and hydrodynamic science in an immersive 3D fine grid modelling architecture. The result is accurate reservoir flow profiles and unique insights that help asset teams keep performance on track. A diagnostic approach to well management Horizontal wells are designed to provide optimum contact with the reservoir and so tap hydrocarbon reserves with maximum efficiency. Production engineers in the wider asset team are responsible for the well system and ensuring that it performs to expectations, thereby maintaining production targets and maximising recovery.   Well performance depends under dynamic relationship between the well completion and the reservoir surrounding it. This, in turn, depends on the performance and behaviour of completion components and the reservoir itself. To achieve their technical and business aims, production engineers need full visibility of fluids and flow dynamics downhole from the reservoir sandface to the wellbore and at all points in between. The Horizontal Flow diagnostic system helps to deliver this visibility.   Measuring real production or injection performance in the presence of complex multicomponent completions is a major challenge for production engineers. Integrity issues and zonal isolation or component failures can lead to discrepancies between the profile of fluids entering or exiting the wellbore and the profile of fluids exiting or entering the reservoir. In these situations, standard production logs could give false or misleading results. The new diagnostics system overcomes this by providing a definitive flow profile regardless of completion, integrity or zonal isolation issues. Furthermore, by identifying these issues, it can help guide maintenance or workover interventions. Vicious fluids, fluid segregation and low flow rates can also be problematic for standard production-logging sensors, leading to a false picture of flow. Horizontal Flow incorporates temperature and acoustic measurements that respond to all types of meaningful flow, thereby helping to overcome this limitation.   The new approach can also be used to assess injection compliance and the performance of completion elements such as flow control devices and swell packers. The information gained from these analysis can be used to target repairs and guide potential improvements in completion designs.   Enabling effective resource management Operating companies want to maximise ultimate recovery while minimising operating costs, thereby reducing cost per barrel produced. Horizontal Flow diagnostics can help on both sides of this equation.   Developing a field with horizontal wells represents a significant investment in time, energy and capital. Diagnostics play a key role in tracking well and reservoir performance, and steering asset team decisions. Horizontal Flow diagnostics can reveal well system inefficiencies, guide asset teams to problem areas in the completion or the reservoir, and help them act with greater certainty to achieve a positive outcome.   Horizontal well interventions can be expensive and time-consuming, and often require specialised equipment, such as coiled tubing or tractors, for well access. Diagnostic deployments of the new system can provide a complete and accurate downhole assessment and information that reduces uncertainty and quickly establishes whether remedial work is required. When a workover is deemed necessary, the ability to plan and target it with a greater precision helps save time, reduce costs and deliver better outcomes.   Reducing your environmental impact Operating companies around the world are aiming to cut their carbon-per-barrel overhead. Developing and producing oil and gas consumes enormous amounts of energy from diesel engines or gas turbines, both of which produce significant volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2). Flaring of unwanted associated gas is another major source of emissions. Combined CO2 emissions from global upstream operations are estimated at about 1 Gt CO2 per year and methane emissions at around 1.9 Gt CO2 per year. New diagnostics technology can help operators identify inefficiencies in energy-intensive operations, reduce associated gas flaring and improve the efficiency of energy-intensive intervention operations.   Water injection accounts for approximately 40% of total CO2 emissions in a typical oilfield. Operators can now assess how much of the injected water is reaching its target and identify thief zones. These diagnostic surveys often lead to a reduction in pumped water volumes and emissions, and increased field production. Water production is another source of emissions, as produced water must be managed and treated at the surface. This process requires energy, and increased water production typically means less oil, thus reducing ultimate recovery and increasing carbon per barrel.   Gas flaring is estimated to release 310 MT CO2 per year, which is about 30% of all upstream CO2 emissions. Continuous flow profiles can be used to identify sources of unwanted gas downhole and guide remediation plans, thereby reducing the need to flare.   Workovers and diagnostic interventions in horizontal wells can also have a significant carbon overhead. New diagnostics technology can minimise this overhead on two fronts when compared with the conventional approach.   Firstly, it can easily identify the crossflows, fractures and integrity failures that often confuse conventional surveys. Having this information minimises the risk of incomplete or inaccurate assessments and improves the efficiency of decision-making. Secondly, when equipped with reliable information, the asset team can plan and target its workover programmes with precision. This means equipment and operations can be optimised and executed with higher efficiency and success rates, leading to better technical outcomes and lower emissions.   Conclusion Horizontal wells are powerful tools for hydrocarbon production and represent a significant resource investment for field operators. Production engineers, reservoir engineers and the wider asset team face complex challenges in their drive to ensure that each well system performs to expectations. A new approach to flow analysis in horizontal wells could help to solve key challenges in this area, making it easier for wells and reservoirs to reach their full potential.